I’m not completely sure but I think they calculate it by the brightness and distance. The size of the star basically shows how much fuel it’s got to burn (star are basically giant reactors making heavy elements out of lighter ones) by figuring out how bright the star is you can calculate how quickly it’s burning-and how it been burning by how much of itis lighter elements.
Maybe one of the other scientists can give you a more definite answer,sorry!
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